else 

    {

        uint8_t sign = temp >> 15;// top bit is sign

        temp_pre = temp_pre >> 2; // Drop 2 lowest bits

        temp_frac = temp_pre & 0b11; // get fractional part

        temp_frac *= 25; // each bit is .25 a degree, up to fixed point

        temp_pre = temp_pre >> 2; // Drop 2 fractional bits 

        if(sign) {

            temp = -temp_pre;

        }

        else {

            temp = temp_pre;

        }

    }

    // Deassert CS

    delay(1);

    GPIO_SetBits(MAX_CS);

}

// PID implementation

int16_t last_pid_temp = 0;

uint8_t last_pid_temp_frac = 0;

int16_t i_state = 0;

int16_t update_pid(uint16_t k_p, uint16_t k_i, uint16_t k_d, int16_t temp, uint8_t temp_frac, int16_t setpoint) 

{

  // Calculate instantaneous error

  int16_t error = (int16_t)setpoint - (int16_t)temp; // TODO: Use fixed point fraction

  // Proportional component

  int16_t p_term = k_p * error;

  // Error accumulator (integrator)

  i_state += error;

  // to prevent the iTerm getting huge despite lots of 

  //  error, we use a "windup guard" 

  // (this happens when the machine is first turned on and

  // it cant help be cold despite its best efforts)

  // not necessary, but this makes windup guard values 

  // relative to the current iGain

  int16_t windup_guard_res = windup_guard / k_i;  

  // Calculate integral term with windup guard 

#define SW_LEFT_PRESSED (sw_left_last == 0 && sw_left == 1)

#define SW_RIGHT_PRESSED (sw_right_last == 0 && sw_right == 1)

void save_settings()

{

   Minimal_EEPROM_Unlock();

    // Try programming a word at an address divisible by 4

    Minimal_EEPROM_ProgramWord(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_BOOTTOBREW, boottobrew);

    Minimal_EEPROM_ProgramWord(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_WINDUP_GUARD, windup_guard);

    Minimal_EEPROM_ProgramWord(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_K_P, k_p);

    Minimal_EEPROM_ProgramWord(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_K_I, k_i);

    Minimal_EEPROM_ProgramWord(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_K_D, k_d);

    Minimal_EEPROM_Lock();

}

void save_setpoints()

{

    Minimal_EEPROM_Unlock();

    Minimal_EEPROM_ProgramWord(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_BREWTEMP, setpoint_brew);

    Minimal_EEPROM_ProgramWord(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_STEAMTEMP, setpoint_steam); 

    Minimal_EEPROM_Lock();

}

void restore_settings()

{

    Minimal_EEPROM_Unlock();

    while(Minimal_FLASH_GetStatus()==FLASH_BUSY);

    boottobrew = (*(__IO uint32_t*)(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_BOOTTOBREW));

    while(Minimal_FLASH_GetStatus()==FLASH_BUSY);

    windup_guard = (*(__IO uint32_t*)(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_WINDUP_GUARD));

    while(Minimal_FLASH_GetStatus()==FLASH_BUSY);

    k_p = (*(__IO uint32_t*)(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_K_P));

    while(Minimal_FLASH_GetStatus()==FLASH_BUSY);

    k_i = (*(__IO uint32_t*)(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_K_I));

    while(Minimal_FLASH_GetStatus()==FLASH_BUSY);

    k_d = (*(__IO uint32_t*)(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_K_D));

    while(Minimal_FLASH_GetStatus()==FLASH_BUSY);

    setpoint_brew = (*(__IO uint32_t*)(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_BREWTEMP));

    while(Minimal_FLASH_GetStatus()==FLASH_BUSY);

    setpoint_steam = (*(__IO uint32_t*)(EEPROM_BASE_ADDR + EEPROM_ADDR_STEAMTEMP));